Adakah Forex Haram Ustaz Zaharuddin

Hukum Labur amp Berniaga Forex (negociação de Forex) Zaharuddin Abd Rahman Saya ingin minta pihak ustaz untuk menerangkan tentando pelaburan tukaran matawang como dan juga perniagaan Forex. Bagaimana, pula, jaka, saya, melakukan, transaksi, sendiri, dengan, berbekalkan, analise, sendiri, atau, yang, disney, media, Kemudian memperolehi untung dari jualan dan belian matawang ining ining. Terima kasih Bagi menjawab soalan ini, e um peru memahami dua jenis perkara iaitu: - 1 - Melabur wang ringgit anda ke dalam satu syarikat yang memperolehi untung melalui FOREX. 2- Melantik satu platform atau syarikat untuk menjalankan jual beli wang asing dan simpan. Semua transaksi dijalankan oleh anda sendiri, syarikat hanya menyediakan plataforma dan mengambil upah perkhidmatan sahaja. Pertama. Hukum bagi melabur dalam syarikat yang menjalankan FOREX: Forex (câmbio) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Perdagangan Mata wang Asing Ia merupakan suatu jenis perdagangantransaksi yang memperdagangkan matawang suatu negara terhadap matawang negara lainnya yang melibatkan matawang passado-passar matawang utama di dunia selama 24 jam secara Berterusan. Benar, memang FOREX matawang adalah diharuskan, tetapi keharusannya tertakluk kepada sejauh mana ia menurut garis panduan yang dikeluarkan dari hadith Nabi yang sohih. Iaitu: - um - Ditukar (serah dan terima) dalam waktu yang sama ia disebut dalam hadis sebagai yadan bi yadin. Dalam bahasa Inggerisnya adalah sobre a base do local. Ia datang banyak hadis antara yang palidez utama adalah:. . . . . . . . . Ertinya. Emas dengan Emas (ditukar atau diniagakan). Perak dengan perak, gandum dengan gandum, tamar dengan tamar, garam dengan garam mestilah sama timbangan dan sukatanya, dan ditukar secara terus (pada massa saturada) dan sekiranya berlainan jenis, maka berjual-belilah kamu sebagaimana yang disukai Hadith 119). B - Nabi bersabda: - Ertinya. Sesungguhnya Rasulullah s. a.w berkata. Pertukaran antara perak dan emas adalah riba kecuali jika ia dilakukan secara serentak (muçulmano de Riwayat, no 1586, 31209) c - Manakala pembelian secara hutang dari salah satu antara dua pihak adala haram berdasarkan hadis: - Ertinya. Rasulullah s. a.w melarang dari menjual emas dan perak secara berhutang (Riwayat Al-Bukhari, no 2070, 2762) Hadis-hadis di atas menyebut perihal displin islam dalam pertukaran emas dan perak. Um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados e um banco de dados. Por favor, envie um e-mail para um endereço de e-mail e-mail para o endereço de e-mail: TERPAKAI pada urusan transaksi matwang. Demikian keputusan Majlis Fiqh Antrabangsa dan juga Majlis Kewangan Islão Antarabangsa di bawah AAOIFI. FOREX dalam matawang yang diuruskan oleh syarikat konvensional sudah pasti tidak akan menjaga syarat em kerana kebanyakan FOREX yang dijalankan oleh institusi konvensional adalah lsquoForward FOREX atau Forex yang menggunakan lsquoValue para a frente (nilai massa hadapan) yang tergolong dalam Riba Nasiah. Mereka juga kerap menggunakan SWAP, Opções de lain-lain instrumento yang tidak halal di sisi Shariah. Instrumen-instrumen tadi tidak memenuhi syarat Islam iaitu serah terima atau disebut qabadh dalam islam secara benar hakiki atau hukmi pada waktu yang sama. Masalah dalam implementasi FOREX adalá bertangguh dalam penyerahan dari kedua-dua pihak. Tatkala itu aqad menjadi batal (Radd al-Muhtar ala ad-durr, 4531). Tidak saya nafikan, bahawa terdapat sesetengah Institusi Kewangan Islão yang melakukan forex inselegal mendapatkan kelulusan Majlis Penasihat Shariah mereka, Namun semua mereka hanya terlibat dalam FOREX jenis SPOT dan bukannya jenis lsquoForward jika adapun jenis forward ia menggunakan konsep Al-WAD atau Unilateral Promise dan ia Telah disepakati keharusannya. Apa yang pasti, Majlis A shariah merece uma tela de meteorokkan e um copo de água para um copo de água bebendo begitu sahaja. Justeru MELABUR MÓVAL (BEERTI ANDA MELABUR DAN KEMUDIAN TUNGGU UNTUNG SAHAJA) dan dalam institusi kewangan konvensional yang memperolehi untung melalui cara FOREX adalá tidak halal di sisi Islã. Ia adalah keputusan Painel Penasihat Shariah dunia yang bernaung di bawah nama Contabilidade e auditoria Organização para instituições islâmicas (AAOIFI). Antara painel penasihat Shariahnya adalah Syeikh Mufti Taqi Uthmani, Prof. Dr. Syeikh Wahbah Zuhayli, Prof. Dr. Syeikh Siddiq Dharir, Syeikh Abdullah al-Mani, Dr. Abd Sattar Abu Ghuddah, Syeikh Dr. Nazih Hammad, Syeikh Dr. Hussain Hamid Hassan, Syeikh Nizam Yaquby, Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar, Syeikh Al-Ayashi al-Sadiq Faddad, Syeikh Dr. Ajil Nashmi dan ramai lagi. KEDUA. Hukum FOREX TRADING yang dijalankan sendiri - Bagi mengetahui, hukum bagi, bentuk kedua ini, pertama-tamanya e tertakluk kepada: - a - Terdapat unsur judi atau tidak apabila membeli dan menjual matawnag hanya kerana mengharap keuntungan dari perbezaaan nilainya. Bukan kerana digunapakai de negara matawang terbabit. Maka setah kajian perinci oleh JAKIM em vez de ISRA, mendapati unsur judi adalah wujud maka semua jenis forex trading adalah HARAM. B - Kesohihan dan kewibawaan plataforma de syarikat dari sudut lesennya dan pengenalannya. Ia diperlukan bagi mengelak e um ditipu oleh plataforma syarikat yang tidak sebenar. Butiran terperinci berkenaan plataforma ini mestilah diteliti dan boleh diperolehi. Jika tidak, transaksi e um adalah syubhat dari awal lagi keran terdapat unsur gharar. B - Jika plataforma tersebut punyai wibawa dan diminuir serta informação yang sangat mencukupi, perkara kedua adalah menilai akta-akata berkaiatan dengan aktiviti ini dari badan berwajib di Malaysia. Ini perlu bagi memastikan e um tidak terlibat dengan aktiviti menyalahi undang-undang Negara. Jika yang kedua juga lulus, saya kira transaksi, jual matawang, dan, simpan dan, kemudian, jual, semula, apabila, harga, tukarannya, naik, adalah, harus, kerana, secara, automatiknya, dilaksanakan, menurut, kaedah, lsquospot. Namun mari kita sama-sama cuba mehami dan menyemak bagaimana proses ini dilakukan secar ringkas dan melihat pandangan Islam tentangnya. Setakat apa yang diterangkan oleh indivíduo yang terlibat dan yang tahu berkenaan cara forex negociação memlali internet ini. Ia seperti berikut: - 1) Ia mempunyai modal mínimo. Sebagai contoh USD 1, USD 100 dan lain-lain, entre outros produtos forex trading masing-masing. 2) Dengan modal itu, plataforma do syarikat do pihak forex que troca o akan membukakan satu akaun khas buat peserta. Seteah, itu, pihak peserta, akan, menentukan, samada, untuk, membuka, kaunter, jualan, matawangnya, dalam, akaun, atau, membuka, kaunter, belian. Gambaran mudahnya adalah: - Katalah modalnya USD 100 yang dibeli dengan tukaran semasa hari tersebut USD 1 RM 3.6, dan dibuka kaunter lsquoselling melalui plataforma syarikat tersebut. Sebagai contoh, pada esok harinya apabila dilakukan analisa terhadap pegerakan nilai matawang, napolitano USD mengukuh berbanding Ringgit iaitu USD 1 RM 4 Tatkala itu, ia akan menekan button jual USD 100 dan memperolehi RM 400. Ini bermakna iah telah beroleh keuntungan sebanyak RM 40 berbanding Harga belian asalnya tadi Mais de 40 milhões de RMs em Mêsescala MESTILAH memasukkan seluruh RM 400 DIMENSÃO DE DIBERCANIA DIAMANTE, DIDÁRIA DE DIBERDÁCIO DIAMANTE DE SÃO JAVA, DIA DE JANEIRO DE JANEIRO DE JANEIRO, RMR 40 díades, manakala baki modal sebanyak RM 360 hanya akan dimasukkan sejurus peserta menutup akaun pada Hari tersebut. Isu Shariah. Jika ini tidak berlaku, maka ia lulus dari sudut Shariah, namun jika kelewatan berlaku, isa Shariah di sini adala berlaku penangguhan dalam penyerahan matawang ringgit. Ini menjadikan ia bercangah dengan arahan Nabi s. a.w: - Dalam menukar wang dengan wang, Nabi tela de meni e garis panduan yang mesti dipatuhi iaitu: Ertinya. Sesungguhnya Rasulullah s. a.w berkata. Pertukaran antara perak dan emas adalá riba kecuali jika ia dilakukan secara serenták (Serai terima dalam satu masa) (Riwayat muçulmano, no 1586, 31209) Manakala pembelian secara hutang dari salah satu antara dua pihak adalá haram berdasarkan hadis: - Ertinya. Rasulullah viu melarang dari menjual emas dan perak secara berhutang (Riwayat Al-Bukhari, no 2070, 2762) Imam An-Nawawi telah menyebut dengan terang bahawa para ulama telah bersepakat wajibnya syarat serah terima dalam massa saturada atau lsquoTaqabud samada secara hakiki (fizikal) atau Hukmi (melali mediuam internet tetapi punyai bukti seperti resit atau nota elektronik yang menunjukkan transaski sah) (Syarah Sohih muçulmano) Cadangan. Mesti dipastikan bahawa sema transkasi jual beli dilakukan, kesemua modal dicampur untung dimasukkan di dalam akaun kita tanpa sebarang tangguh, dan secara automatik juga kita boleh mengeluarkan wang tersebut tanpa sebarang halangan. 3) Terdapat syarikat yang mensyaratkan mínimo modal yang tinggi seperti USD 1000 dan lain-lain jumlah. Untuk, itu, menawarkan, apa, yang, dinamakan, alavancagem, yangmana, modal, peserta, akan, digandakan. Sebagai contoh, katalah sebenar modal e um adalah USD 100. Maka e um dikehendaki memilih atau secara pilihan memlih gândano yang dikehendaki. Seperti 1. 10 Termos e Condições e Política de Privacidade Termos e Condições Política de Privacidade Termos de Uso Política de Privacidade Termos de Uso Política de Privacidade Mapa do Site O uso de vários instrumentos financeiros ou de capital emprestado, como a margem, para aumentar o retorno potencial de um investimento. A alavancagem pode ser criada através de opções, futuros, margens e outros instrumentos financeiros. Por exemplo, digamos que você tem 1.000 para investir. Este montante poderia ser investido em 10 ações da Microsoft, mas para aumentar a alavancagem, você poderia investir o 1.000 em cinco contratos de opções. Em seguida, você controlaria 500 ações em vez de apenas 10. (Rujukan) Jika benarlah apa yang saya gambarkan ini, transaksi forex menggunakan Leverage ini adalah HARAM kerana ia dikira menjual matawang yang tidak di dalam milik anda. Milik sebenar e um hanyalah USD 100 tetapi yang dijual adalah 10.000. Ia berdasarkan apa yang disebut oleh Nabi s. a.w. Ertinya. Janganlah kamu menjual sesuatu yang tidak dalam milikmu (Riwayat Abu Daud, n ° 3504, 3283) Malah saya juga hampir pasti, wang yang digandakan olear syarikat itu dikira sebagai pemberian pinjaman dan sudah tentu mereka akan mengambil sedikit keuntungan samada diketahui atau tidak diketahui oleh peserta . Jika ini berlaku, sekali lagi riba telah berlaku. Bagi mengelakkan perkara yang ditegah oleh Islã dari berlaku di sini, penggunaan alavanca 1: 1 sahaja yang dibenarkan. Wallahualam. 4) Diberitakan juga pihak syarikat menasihatkan pescar ágar em conserva de frutas e produtos hortícolas 30 sacos de café sem costura de comércio dijalankan. Dan jika terdapat masalah kemungkinan rugby atau apa yang dinamakan chamada de margem, pihak peserta dibenarkan untuk membuka kaunter satu lagi samada jual atau beli bagi menyeimbangkan kemungkinan rugi. Pandangan. Wallahualam, jika semunya dilaksanakan dengan jelas dan perancangan yang betul. Setakat ini saya tidak nampak adanya masala Shariah dalam tindakan ini KECUALI IA MEMPUNYAI ELEMN PERJUDIANO YANG JELAS kerana membeli nilai matawang untuk dijual apabila nilainya naik sedangkan ia BUKAN KOMODITI. Wallahualam. Walaupun berniaga sendiri forex dan memenuhi syarat ini ADALAH HARAM kerana sebab utamanya adalah JUDI, tambahan pula ia bukanlah sesuatu yang disukai oleh polisi ekonomi di dalam Islão, pertamanya kerana menurut pandangan ekonomi dalam Islã, matawang adalah meio de troca sahaja dan ia bukanlah komoditi yang wajar Diniagakan bagi memperolehi untung dari perbezaan nilainya. Kita tahu nilai matwang kini tidak lagi bersandarkan emas atau perak, wang kertas hari ini (dinheiro fiduciário) tidak mempunyai nilai tersendiri (seperti logam emas perak) kecuali nilainya datang dari pasaran global yang ditentukan oleh demanda e oferta di pasaran dunia. Justeru, menjadikan cara ini bagi membro anak dan isteri makan bukanlah satu bentuk kerjaya e yang terpuji di dalam Islam. Mala é um sistema sistemático de gestão sistemática e um sistema sistemático de gestão de recursos humanos. Justeru, fikirkanlah. Jika anda tidak ingin menerima padnagan saya, tidak mengapa tetapi bacalah pendapat ulama besar kewangan islã sedunia iaitu Syeikh Mufti Taqi Uthmani dalam hal ini: Forex Moeda Trading Por Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani Negociação de Moedas halal Eu anexei um documento detalhando os aspectos do negócio. A.) Eu passei pelos papéis enviados por você. Eu sou da opinião que estas transações não são conformes com Shariah. A condição muito que você não pode levar a entrega da moeda comprada torna inadmissível. Além disso, existem outros elementos de acordo com o meu conhecimento que torna este comércio ilegal na sharia, como vendas a prazo, vendas a descoberto, etc Isso é além do fato de que as moedas são originalmente um meio de troca e só deve ser trocada por Uso pessoal em diferentes países. Fazê-los uma mercadoria negociável apenas para ganhar um lucro é também contra a filosofia básica da economia islâmica. Eu, portanto, não aconselhá-lo a entrar neste comércio. Sila Buka Sumber. Forex Trading Adakah e um menga siapa Syeikh Mufti Taqi Uthmani, sila buka di sini untuk mengenalinya. Zaharuddin Abd Rahman 28 Zulhijjah 1428 ps. Semua pemain forex, nota de jawpaan saya inin adalah jawapan yang dipermudah agar ia boleh difahami orang awam. Jika terdapat kesilapan teknik carajual dan beli, boleh dimaklumakn kepada di ruangan komentar kerana informações tentang tatacara di atas juga saya perolehi dari yang terlibat. Syaa tiada masa untuk membuat pembacaan dan kajian sendiri di ketika ini. Sekian Adicione esta página aos seus sites favoritos de social bookmarking More. Islamic Forex Trading Negociação forex islâmica 1. Os contratos de troca básica Existe um consenso geral entre os juristas islâmicos sobre a opinião de que as moedas de diferentes países podem ser trocadas numa base spot a uma taxa Diferente da unidade, uma vez que as moedas de diferentes países são entidades distintas com diferentes valores ou valores intrínsecos e poder de compra. Também parece haver um consenso geral entre a maioria dos estudiosos sobre a opinião de que o câmbio a termo não é permitido, isto é, quando os direitos e obrigações de ambas as partes se relacionam com uma data futura. No entanto, existe uma considerável divergência de opinião entre os juristas quando os direitos de uma das partes, o mesmo que a obrigação da contraparte, são adiados para uma data futura. Para elaborar, vamos considerar o exemplo de dois indivíduos A e B que pertencem a dois países diferentes, Índia e EUA, respectivamente. A pretende vender rupias indianas e comprar dólares dos EUA. O inverso é verdadeiro para B. A taxa de câmbio rupee-dólar acordada é de 1:20 ea transação envolve a compra e venda de 50. A primeira situação é que A faz um pagamento à vista de Rs1000 para B e aceita o pagamento de 50 de B. A transacção é liquidada numa base pontual de ambas as extremidades. Tais transações são válidas e islâmicamente permitidas. Não há duas opiniões sobre o mesmo. A segunda possibilidade é que a liquidação da transação de ambas as extremidades seja adiada para uma data futura, digamos depois de seis meses a partir de agora. Isto implica que tanto A como B fariam e aceitariam o pagamento de Rs1000 ou 50, conforme o caso, após seis meses. A visão predominante é que tal contrato não é islâmicamente permitido. Uma visão minoritária a considera admissível. O terceiro cenário é que a transação é parcialmente liquidada a partir de uma única extremidade. Por exemplo, A faz um pagamento de Rs1000 agora para B em vez de uma promessa de B para pagar 50 para ele depois de seis meses. Alternativamente, A aceita 50 agora de B e promete pagar Rs1000 para ele depois de seis meses. Há visões diametralmente opostas sobre a admissibilidade de tais contratos, que equivalem a bai-salam em moedas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise abrangente de vários argumentos em apoio e contra a permissibilidade desses contratos básicos envolvendo moedas. A primeira forma de contratação envolvendo a troca de contravalores em uma base spot está além de qualquer tipo de controvérsia. A admissibilidade ou não do segundo tipo de contrato em que a entrega de um dos contravalores é diferida para uma data futura é geralmente discutida no âmbito da proibição riba. Assim, discutiremos detalhadamente este contrato na seção 2 sobre a questão da proibição da riba. A admissibilidade da terceira forma de contrato em que a entrega de ambos os contravalores é diferida, é geralmente discutida no âmbito da redução de risco e incerteza ou gharar envolvidos em tais contratos. Este é, portanto, o tema central da seção 3 que trata da questão do gharar. Seção 4 tenta uma visão holística da Sharia relaciona questões como também a importância econômica das formas básicas de contratação no mercado de moeda. 2. A questão da proibição Riba A divergência de pontos de vista1 sobre a permissibilidade ou não de contratos de câmbio em moedas pode ser rastreada principalmente para a questão da riba proibição. A necessidade de eliminar riba em todas as formas de contratos de câmbio é de extrema importância. Riba em seu contexto sharia é geralmente definido2 como um ganho ilícito derivado da desigualdade quantitativa dos contravalores em qualquer transação que pretenda efetuar a troca de duas ou mais espécies (anwa), que pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são governadas por A mesma causa eficiente (illa). Riba é geralmente classificada em riba al-fadl (excesso) e riba al-nasia (adiamento) que denotam uma vantagem ilegal por meio de excesso ou adiamento, respectivamente. A proibição do primeiro é alcançada por uma estipulação de que a taxa de troca entre os objetos é unidade e nenhum ganho é permitido a qualquer das partes. Este último tipo de riba é proibido por não permitir a liquidação diferida e garantir que a transação é liquidada no local por ambas as partes. Outra forma de riba é chamada de riba al-jahiliyya ou riba pré-islâmica que surge quando o credor pergunta ao mutuário na data de vencimento se este último liquidar a dívida ou aumentar a mesma. O aumento é acompanhado pela cobrança de juros sobre o montante inicialmente emprestado. A proibição de riba na troca de moedas pertencentes a diferentes países requer um processo de analogia (qiyas). E em qualquer exercício de analogia (qiyas), a causa eficiente (illa) desempenha um papel extremamente importante. É uma causa eficiente comum (illa), que conecta o objeto da analogia com o seu sujeito, no exercício do raciocínio analógico. A causa eficiente apropriada (illa) em caso de contratos de troca foi definida vària pelas escolas principais de Fiqh. Esta diferença reflecte-se no raciocínio análogo para moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países. Uma questão de significância considerável no processo de raciocínio análogo relaciona-se à comparação entre moedas de papel com ouro e prata. Nos primórdios do Islã, o ouro ea prata desempenhavam todas as funções do dinheiro (thaman). As moedas eram feitas de ouro e prata com um valor intrínseco conhecido (quantum de ouro ou prata contido neles). Essas moedas são descritas como thaman haqiqi, ou naqdain na literatura Fiqh. Estes eram universalmente aceitáveis ​​como principal meio de troca, representando um grande pedaço de transações. Muitas outras commodities, tais como, vários metais inferiores também serviram como meio de troca, mas com aceitabilidade limitada. Estes são descritos como fals na literatura Fiqh. Estes também são conhecidos como thaman istalahi por causa do fato de que sua aceitabilidade não deriva de seu valor intrínseco, mas devido ao status concedido pela sociedade durante um determinado período de tempo. As duas formas acima mencionadas de moedas foram tratadas de forma muito diferente pelos primeiros juristas islâmicos do ponto de vista da permissibilidade dos contratos que os envolvem. A questão que precisa ser resolvida é se as moedas de papel da era atual se enquadram na primeira categoria ou na segunda. Uma visão é que estes devem ser tratados a par com thaman haqiqi ou ouro e prata, uma vez que estes servem como o principal meio de troca e unidade de conta como este último. Daí, por analogia raciocínio, todas as normas relacionadas com a Sharia e injunções aplicáveis ​​a thaman haqiqi também deve ser aplicável ao papel moeda. A troca de thaman haqiqi é conhecida como bai-sarf e, portanto, as transações em moedas de papel devem ser governadas pelas regras da Sharia relevantes para bai-sarf. A opinião contrária afirma que as moedas de papel devem ser tratadas de forma semelhante a fals ou thaman istalahi devido ao fato de que seu valor nominal é diferente de seu valor intrínseco. Sua aceitabilidade decorre de seu status legal dentro do país nacional ou importância econômica global (como no caso de dólares americanos, por exemplo). 2.1. Uma síntese de pontos de vista alternativos 2.1.1. A proibição de riba baseia-se na tradição de que o santo profeta (a paz esteja com ele) disse: "O ouro para o ouro, a prata para a prata, o trigo para o trigo, a cevada para a cevada, a data para a data, Sal para sal, nas mesmas quantidades no local e quando as mercadorias são diferentes, vender como lhe convém, mas no local. Assim, a proibição de riba aplica-se principalmente aos dois metais preciosos (ouro e prata) e quatro outros Commodities (trigo, cevada, tâmaras e sal). Aplica-se também, por analogia (qiyas) a todas as espécies que são governadas pela mesma causa eficiente (illa) ou que pertencem a qualquer um dos gêneros dos seis objetos citados na tradição. No entanto, não há um acordo geral entre as várias escolas de Fiqh e até mesmo estudiosos pertencentes à mesma escola sobre a definição e identificação de causa eficiente (illa) de riba. Para os Hanafis, a causa eficiente (illa) de riba tem duas dimensões: os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins), estes possuem peso (wazan) ou mensurabilidade (kiliyya). Se em uma dada troca, ambos os elementos da causa eficiente (illa) estão presentes, isto é, os contravalores trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são todos pesáveis ​​ou todos mensuráveis, então nenhum ganho é permitido (a taxa de câmbio deve Ser igual à unidade) ea troca deve ser em uma base spot. No caso do ouro e da prata, os dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) são: unidade de gênero (jins) e peso. Esta é também a visão Hanbali de acordo com uma versão3. Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por ouro, ou a prata é trocada por prata, somente as transações no local sem qualquer ganho são permitidas. Também é possível que em uma dada troca, um dos dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) esteja presente e o outro esteja ausente. Por exemplo, se os artigos trocados são todos pesáveis ​​ou mensuráveis, mas pertencem a gêneros diferentes (jins) ou, se os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins), mas nenhum deles é mensurável e pesável, então troque com ganho (a uma taxa diferente de Unidade) é permissível, mas a troca deve ser em uma base spot. Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por prata, a taxa pode ser diferente da unidade, mas nenhuma liquidação diferida é permitida. Se nenhum dos dois elementos de causa eficiente (illa) de riba estiver presente em uma dada troca, então nenhuma das injunções para riba proibição se aplica. O câmbio pode ocorrer com ou sem ganho e ambos em uma posição ou diferido. Considerando o caso de troca envolvendo moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países, a proibição riba exigiria uma busca de causa eficiente (illa). Moedas pertencentes a diferentes países são entidades claramente distintas que são moeda legal dentro de limites geográficos específicos com diferentes valor intrínseco ou poder de compra. Portanto, a grande maioria dos estudiosos talvez afirme com razão que não há unidade de gênero (jins). Além disso, estes não são nem pesáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Isso leva a uma conclusão direta de que nenhum dos dois elementos de causa eficiente (illa) de riba existe nessa troca. Assim, a troca pode ter lugar livre de qualquer injunção sobre a taxa de câmbio ea forma de liquidação. A lógica subjacente a esta posição não é difícil de compreender. O valor intrínseco das moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países difere, uma vez que estas têm poder de compra diferente. Além disso, o valor intrínseco ou valor de moedas de papel não pode ser identificado ou avaliado ao contrário de ouro e prata, que pode ser pesado. Portanto, nem a presença de riba al-fadl (por excesso), nem riba al-nasia (por adiamento) pode ser estabelecida. A escola Shafii de Fiqh considera a causa eficiente (illa) em caso de ouro e prata para ser sua propriedade de ser moeda (thamaniyya) ou o meio de troca, unidade de conta e armazenamento de valor. Este é também o Maliki view. De acordo com uma versão deste ponto de vista, mesmo que o papel ou o couro seja o meio de troca e seja dado o status de moeda, então todas as regras relativas ao naqdain, ou ouro e prata se aplicam a eles. Assim, de acordo com esta versão, a permuta envolvendo moedas de diferentes países a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permitida, mas deve ser liquidada numa base spot. Outra versão das duas escolas de pensamento acima é que a causa eficiente citada acima (illa) de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica para ouro e prata, e não pode ser generalizada. Ou seja, qualquer outro objeto, se usado como meio de troca, não pode ser incluído em sua categoria. Portanto, de acordo com esta versão, as injunções da Sharia para a proibição riba não são aplicáveis ​​às moedas de papel. As moedas pertencentes a diferentes países podem ser trocadas com ou sem ganho, tanto em bases fixas como diferidas. Os defensores da versão anterior citam o caso da troca de moedas de papel pertencentes ao mesmo país em defesa da sua versão. A opinião consensual dos juristas neste caso é que tal troca deve ser sem qualquer ganho ou a uma taxa igual à unidade e deve ser liquidada numa base pontual. Se considerarmos o Hanafi ea primeira versão da posição Hanbali, então, neste caso, apenas uma dimensão da causa eficiente (illa) está presente, ou seja, eles pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins ). Mas as moedas de papel não são nem pesáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Por conseguinte, a lei Hanafi permitiria, aparentemente, a troca de quantidades diferentes da mesma moeda numa base pontual. Da mesma forma, se a causa eficiente de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica apenas para ouro e prata, então Shafii e Maliki lei também permitiria o mesmo. Escusado será dizer que isso equivale a permitir empréstimo e empréstimos baseados em riba. Isso mostra que, é a primeira versão do pensamento Shafii e Maliki que está subjacente à decisão de consenso de proibição de ganho e liquidação diferida em caso de troca de moedas pertencentes ao mesmo país. Segundo os proponentes, estender essa lógica à troca de moedas de diferentes países implicaria que a troca com ganho ou a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permitida (já que não há unidade de jins), mas a liquidação deve ser feita numa base pontual. 2.1.2 Comparação entre Currency Exchange e Bai-Sarf Bai-sarf é definido na literatura Fiqh como uma troca envolvendo o thaman haqiqi, definido como ouro e prata, que serviu como principal meio de troca para quase todas as grandes transações. Os defensores do ponto de vista de que qualquer troca de moedas de diferentes países é o mesmo que bai-sarf argumentam que na atualidade as moedas de papel substituíram efetiva e completamente o ouro e a prata como meio de troca. Assim, por analogia, a troca envolvendo tais moedas deve ser governada pelas mesmas regras da Sharia e injunções como bai-sarf. Argumenta-se também que, se a liquidação diferida por qualquer das partes no contrato é permitida, isso abriria as possibilidades de riba-al nasia. Os oponentes da categorização do câmbio de moeda com o bai-sarf no entanto assinalam que a troca de todas as formas de moeda (thaman) não pode ser denominada como bai-sarf. De acordo com este ponto de vista, bai-sarf implica a troca de moedas de ouro e prata (thaman haqiqi ou naqdain) e não de dinheiro pronunciado como tal pelas autoridades estatais (thaman istalahi). As moedas de idade presente são exemplos deste último tipo. Esses estudiosos encontram apoio nesses escritos que afirmam que se as mercadorias de troca não são ouro ou prata (mesmo que uma delas seja ouro ou prata) então, a troca não pode ser denominada como bai-sarf. As referidas disposições relativas ao bai-sarf também não seriam aplicáveis ​​a essas trocas. De acordo com o Imam Sarakhsi, quando um indivíduo compra fals ou moedas feitas de metais inferiores, tais como, cobre (thaman istalahi) para dirhams (thaman haqiqi) e faz um pagamento à vista do último, mas o vendedor não tem falsas naquele momento , Então tal troca é permissível. Tomar posse de mercadorias trocadas por ambas as partes não é uma pré-condição (embora, no caso de bai-sarf, é.) Existem várias referências semelhantes que indicam que os juristas não classificam uma troca de fals (thaman istalahi) por outro fals ( Thaman istalahi) ou ouro ou prata (thaman haqiqi), como bai-sarf. Por conseguinte, as trocas de moedas de dois países diferentes que só podem ser qualificadas como thaman istalahi não podem ser classificadas como bai-sarf. Também não pode ser imposta a essas transacções a restrição relativa à liquidação à vista. Note-se aqui que a definição de bai-sarf é fornecida literatura Fiqh e não há menção do mesmo nas tradições sagradas. As tradições mencionam a riba, ea venda e compra de ouro e prata (naqdain), que pode ser uma fonte importante de riba, é descrito como bai-sarf pelos juristas islâmicos. Deve-se notar também que na literatura Fiqh, bai-sarf implica troca de ouro ou prata apenas se estes estão sendo usados ​​como meio de troca ou não. Intercâmbio envolvendo dinares e ornamentos em ouro, ambos de qualidade como bai-sarf. Vários juristas têm procurado esclarecer este ponto e definiram sarf como aquela troca em que ambas as mercadorias trocadas são na natureza do thaman, não necessariamente thaman eles mesmos. Assim, mesmo quando uma das mercadorias é ouro processado (digamos, ornamentos), tal troca é chamada bai-sarf. Os defensores do ponto de vista de que o câmbio de moeda deve ser tratado de forma semelhante ao bai-sarf também derivam o apoio de escritos de eminentes juristas islâmicos. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya quotanything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold amp silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia. Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes quotIn a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate)quot Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing amp lending. 2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions. It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: quotIn a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate)quot This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only 44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of 50. Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: quotIn a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price)quot In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies. A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7. Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender. Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract. 2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties. Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba. We modify and rewrite the same example: quotIn a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate)quot The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity. Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases 50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10 3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, pric e, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles. Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12 An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13 Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible. 3.2 Gharar amp Speculation with of Futures amp Forwards Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is 50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and 50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date. Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased. Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries. In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling 50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar. 3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of 50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his 50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party - whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained. It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of 50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of 50 (with his obligation to pay 50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell 50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of 50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation. 4. Summary amp Conclusion Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero. It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants. At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays39 complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract - speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive. The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. Notes amp References 1. These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991 which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views. 2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16 3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9 4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25 5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991. 6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991. 7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. quotIn a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging 50 with 55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for 55 at spot rate of 1:20)quot Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too. The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic. 8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices. 9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller. 10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible. 11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty. 12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty. Ibn Abbas reported that when Allah39s prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: quotThose who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite timequot. It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mother39s womb. 13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allah39s Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty. The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance. 14. The holy prophet is reported to have said quot Do not sell what is not with youquot Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: quotHe who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. quot Ibn Abbas said: quotI think it applies to all other things as wellquot. 15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase. 16. M Hashim Kamali quotIslamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futuresquot, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996 Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India Mail to: obeidximb. stpbh. soft Add this page to your favorite Social Bookmarking websites More. Hukum Labur amp Berniaga Forex (Forex Trading) zaharuddin. 649-hukum-labur-a-berniaga-. Jan 7, 2008 - Pertama. Hukum bagi melabur dalam syarikat yang menjalankan FOREX. Forex (Foreign Exchange) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan. Hukum Perdagangan Pertukaran Matawang Asing oleh. e-fatwa. gov. my. hukum-perdagangan-pertuka. Hukum Perdagangan Pertukaran Matawang Asing oleh Individu Secara Lani (Individual Spot Forex). Ruling on Individual Spot Forex Electronic Transactions. 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Penjelasan Ustaz Hj Zaharuddin Tentang FOREX. Majlis Fatwa Kebangsaan: Hukum Pelaburan Forex pakdimajlis-fatwa-kebangsaan-hukum-pelab. Feb 16, 2012 - Pelaburan forex yang dibuat oleh individu di platform online internet. islam seperti ustaz zaharudin pun saya dah periksa setahun yang lalu. MuslimKaya: Hukum Pelaburan FOREX muslimkaya. blogspot. hukum-pelaburan-forex. Nov 14, 2006 - Hukum Pelaburan FOREX amp Swiss Cash Mutual Fund. Pandangan Shariah Oleh. Ust. Ustaz zaharuddin sendiri tak cakap yang itu HARAM. Hukum Trading Forex: JAKIM VS USTAZ ZAHARUDIN (UZAR) - Ekonomi. mforum. cari. my 8250 Forum Jun 20, 2010 - 25 posts Post Last Edit by amirulnazri at 22 - 6 - 2010 10:28 Aku di maklumkan oleh seorang trader di forum lain..ttg perbezaan hukum between Jakim. Hukum Leverage Dalam Forex Trading HARAM - Ust Zaharuddin. Hukum Leverage Dalam Forex Trading HARAM - Ust Zaharuddin Forex. DK Semua post ustaz dalam chatbox ini sudah saya pastekan ke. Hukum Forex. 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Tentang Forex Di Sini. - Halaqah halaqah 8250. 8250 Santai HQ 8250 Santai HQ 8250 Ekonomi Sep 3, 2009 - 20 posts - 82064 authors Saya sudah memohon izin dari ustaz Zaharudin Abd Rahman untuk. Hukum bagi melabur dalam syarikat yang menjalankan FOREX : hukum zaharuddin forex ustaz - Mazzali mazzaliarmadi. it. hukum-zaharuddin-forex-ust. Dec 7, 2015 - 5 Real Ways to Actually Make Money Online. Ogos 2009. Ini adalah email saya kepada Ustaz Zamerey Assalamualaikum, Ustaz. Oleh itu. forex zaharuddin hukum 164 - Forex Yahoo Finance forexyahoofinance. haci. enet. onlywant. meforexzaharu. - videoceramahislam. blogspot200801ustaz-zaharuddin-hukum-main-forex. html. Hukum Leverage Dalam Forex Trading HARAM - Ust Zaharuddin . Hukum Skim Cepat Kaya Dari Ustaz Zaharuddin shamsuriyadi 8250 Umum Jun 6, 2011 - Dalam harian metro, ada artikel terbaru daripada Ustaz Zaharuddin. Ini adalah skim cepat kaya yang berteraskan trading forex yang dispam. Pandangan Ustaz Mengenai Pelaburan Forex - Ustaz Nor. ustaznoramin. pandangan-ustaz-mengena. Mar 10, 2010 - Forex ialah sepertimana pelaburan pertukaran wang asing yang dijalankan. Menurut pandangan Ustaz Zaharuddin menyatakan bahawa displin Islam. Jom Kongsi Hikmah Solat Untuk Kebaikan Semua 183 Hukum Pinjam. Hukum Forex Zaharudin Calculate Forex calculateforex. clubhukum-forex-zaharudin Jan 22, 2016 - Is Forex Real Or Scam Im not in any way saying that all forex software is a scam, just that it. ustaz zaharuddin Hukum Forex Dalam Islam. KoLeksi Ceramah AgaMa: Ceramah Ustaz Zaharuddin izuman18.blogspot. ceramah-ustaz-zaharuddin. Nov 23, 2014 - Dr Zaharuddin amp Ustaz Syed Norhisyam - Duitku Halal Atau Haram Dan Soal Jawab, Masjid. Forex trading ialah judi. 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Jika benar pinjaman dimiliki dengan sah. mengapa jika tiada risiko Pihak pemain forex memberikan komen di ruangan komentar saya dengan kata mereka :- Dengan USD 100 trader boleh berjual beli dengan kuasa USD 100,000. Jika berlaku kerugian dalam urusniaga, jumlah maksima yang trader rugi hanya USD 100. USD 100,000 tersebut lansung tidak terusik Ini tanpa sengaja sebenarnya adalah seolah satu pengakuan tentang hukum haramnya leverage forex dalam bentuk sebegini, ia menunjukkan bahawa jumlah USD 100,000 yang KONONNYA telah dipinjamkan kepada pemain forex dan masuk ke dalam pemilikan trader hanyalah omongan kosong. Jika benar-benar ia tepat mengikut hukum Shariah, sepatutnya jumlah pinjaman USD 100,000 telah masuk sepenuhnya dalam milik si trader dan jika berlaku kerugian sepatutnya semuanya terkesan dan bukan hanya USD 100 modal asal sahaja. Bila ia disebutkan tidak terkesan, ini bermakna, si trader sebenar TIDAK MILIKI USD 100,000, kerana itu ia tidak hilang kerana ia bukan wang miliknya. Hasilnya, pinjaman yang dikatakan dalam leverage ini hanyalah bayang-bayang sahaja, dan trader menjual sesuatu yang bukan miliknya yang diharamkan oleh baginda Nabi s. a.w. Ia juga BERBEZA DENGAN LEVERAGE RUMAH TADI Jika benar broker meminjamkan sejumlah wang kepada trader mengikut leverage yg ditetapkan, Jika trader rugi, seharusnya Broker juga akan rugi, serta trader perlu membayar baki kerugian kepada broker. 10-05-2009, 11:26 PM CG Top Poster Club Join Date: Jun 2007 Location: Bumi Tuhan Post Thanks Like Thanks (Received): 1066 Likes (Received): 2 Dislikes (Received): 1 thanks TT for the infos Nabi berpesan. quotsesungguhnya aku bimbang ke atas kamu orang yang lebih DASYAT daripada DAJJALquot Sahabat. quotsiapa mereka ituquot Nabi. quotmereka ialah ULAMAK JAHATquot 10-05-2009, 11:26 PM Join Date: May 2007 Post Thanks Like Thanks (Received): 263 Likes (Received): 0 Dislikes (Received): 0 thanks TT for the infos Aku pun nak pg umrah jugak nnt, kena bersihkan apa yg dah kotor. 10-05-2009, 11:27 PM CG Super Hardcore Join Date: Jan 2007 Location: 10-30 bulanan tanpa gagal..berminat Post Thanks Like Thanks (Received): 1026 Likes (Received): 2 Dislikes (Received): 0 Originally Posted by profesor Jika benar broker meminjamkan sejumlah wang kepada trader mengikut leverage yg ditetapkan, Jika trader rugi, seharusnya Broker juga akan rugi, serta trader perlu membayar baki kerugian kepada broker. kalau kes mcmni benar2 diimplementasikan. maka. broker pun rugi. stakat makan spread jer xcukup nak cover. mayb benarlah laverage itu hanya rekaan semata JGN KLIK, DUIT ANDA BOLEH BERTAMBAH SELEPAS MELIHAT PROFIL INI. 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